Beijing Subway
| Beijing Subway 北京地铁 |
|
|---|---|
  Top: Beijing Subway logo Bottom: Beijing MTR logo |
|
| Info | |
| Locale | Beijing |
| Transit type | Rapid transit |
| Number of lines | 9 |
| Number of stations | 147 (if stations linked with transfers are counted separately) 126 (if stations linked by transfers are counted as a single station.) |
| Daily ridership | 5.63 million |
| Operation | |
| Began operation | 1969 |
| Operator(s) | Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corp., Ltd Beijing MTR Corp. Ltd. |
| Technical | |
| System length | 228 km (142 mi) |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) (standard gauge) |
The Beijing Subway (simplified Chinese: 北京地铁; traditional Chinese: 北京地鐵; pinyin: Běijīng dìtiě) is a rapid transit rail network that serves the urban and suburban districts of Beijing municipality. The subway's first line opened in 1971, and the network now has 9 lines, 147 stations[1] and 228 km of tracks in operation. It is the oldest and busiest subway in mainland China, and the second longest after the Shanghai Metro. On April 30, 2010, the subway delivered a record 6.4 million rides.[2] The existing network still cannot adequately meet the city's mass transit needs and is undergoing rapid expansion. Overall, plans call for 19 lines and 561 km of tracks in operation by 2015.[3] The Chinese government's ¥4 trillion economic stimulus package has accelerated subway construction. In addition to ten lines already under construction, work is set to begin on two more lines in 2010, and the entire network will reach 420 km by 2012.[4]
Contents |
Fares
A flat fare of RMB(¥) 2.00 with unlimited transfers applies to all lines except the Airport Express, which costs ¥25.[5] Children below 1.2m in height ride for free when accompanied by a paying adult.[6]
All lines now collect fares through automatic fare collection (AFC) machines that accept single-ride tickets and the One Card Through Card or Yikatong, an integrated circuit card (ICC card) that can store credit for multiple rides.[7]. Riders can purchase tickets and add credit to Yikatong at ticket counters and vending machines in every station. Yikatong is also accepted on many city buses, and can be used as e-money for other purchases.
The use of tickets hand checked by clerks was phased out on June 9, 2008.[8] Before the flat fare was introduced on October 7, 2007, fares ranged from ¥3 to ¥7, depending on the line and number of transfers.
Hours of Operation
The subway is generally closed after midnight, unless a special occasion prompts extended operating hours.[9] The first trains depart terminals at around 5 am and the last leave at around 11 pm. For precise hours and frequency of service, check the official schedule [9].
Lines
Beijing's subway lines generally follow the checkerboard layout of the city. Most lines run parallel or perpendicular to each other and intersect at right angles.
- Line 1, a straight east-west line underneath Chang'an Avenue, which bisects the city through Tiananmen Square. Line 1 connects major commercial centres, Xidan, Wangfujing, Dongdan and the Beijing CBD.
- Line 2, a rectangular loop line, traces the Ming-era city wall that once surrounded the inner city, and stops at 11 of the wall's former gates (ending in men), now busy intersections, as well as the Beijing Railway Station.[10]
- Line 4, a mainly north-south line running west of city centre with stops at the Summer Palace, Old Summer Palace, Peking and Renmin Universities, Zhongguancun Technology Park, National Library, Beijing Zoo, Xidan and Beijing South Railway Station.
- Line 5, a straight north-south line just east of the city centre. It passes the Temple of Earth, Lama Temple and the Temple of Heaven.
- Line 8, Phase I (Olympic Branch Line) extends north off Line 10 with three stops in the Olympic Green.
- Line 10, an inverted L-shaped shaped route to the north and east of Line 2. It runs east-west, following the Yuan-era city wall in the north, passing just south of the Olympic Green and turns south at Sanyuanqiao, northeast of the city, and follows the eastern 3rd Ring Road through the embassy district and Beijing CBD.
- Line 13 arcs across suburbs north of the city and channels commuters to Xizhimen and Dongzhimen, at the northwest and northeast corners of Line 2.
- Line Batong extends Line 1 eastward from Sihui to suburban Tongzhou District.
- The Airport Line connects the Beijing Capital International Airport, 27 km northeast of the city, with Line 10 at Sanyuanqiao and Lines 2 and 13 at Dongzhimen.
Lines in Operation
| Line & Colour | Terminals (District) | Year Opened (newest section) [11] |
Length in km |
Stations (surface stations) | Transfers | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line 1 | Pingguoyuan (Shijingshan) - Sihui East (Chaoyang) | 1971 (1999) | 30.4 | 23 (2) | 2, 4, 5, 10, Batong | |
| Batong Line | Sihui (Chaoyang) - Tuqiao (Tongzhou) |
2003 | 18.9 | 13 (13) | 1 | |
| Line 2 | Loop line through Xizhimen (Xicheng) & Beijing Railway Station (Dongcheng) | 1971 (1987) | 23.1 | 18 | 1, 4, 5, 13, Airport | |
| Line 4 | Anheqiao North (Haidian) - Gongyixiqiao (Fengtai) | 2009 | 28.2 | 24 (1) | 1, 2, 10, 13 | |
| Line 5 | Tiantongyuan North (Changping) - Songjiazhuang (Fengtai) | 2007 | 27.6 | 23 (7) | 1, 2, 10, 13 | |
| Line 8 | Beitucheng - South Gate of Forest Park (Chaoyang) | 2008 | 4.5 | 4 | 10 | |
| Line 10 | Bagou (Haidian) - Jinsong (Chaoyang) |
2008 | 24.7 | 22 | 1, 4, 5, 8, 13, Airport | |
| Line 13 | Xizhimen (Xicheng)- Dongzhimen (Dongcheng) | 2002 (2003) | 40.9 | 16 (15) | 2, 4, 5, 10, Airport | |
| Airport Express | Dongzhimen (Dongcheng) – Capital Airport (Chaoyang) |
2008 | 28.1 | 4 (2) | 2, 10, 13 | |
Lines under construction
In addition to the nine lines currently in operation, there are at least ten lines with about 220 km of track length now under construction.[12] Work on Line 6 (Phase II), Line 16, Changping Line (Phase II) and the Western Suburban Line is set to begin in 2010. Overall, Beijing's rapid transit rail network is expected to reach 561 km in length by 2015.
The new lines will significantly expand the subway's coverage, especially south and west of the city. Line 4 will extend southwards into Daxing District[13]. Line 9 will run parallel and to the west of Line 4. Flanking either side of Line 1 will be Line 6 and Line 7. Line 10, when fully completed, will form a second ring outside the Line 2 loop. Line 8 will extend the Olympic Branch Line north to Line 13 and south to Line 2. Line 14 will run from the southwest to the northeast. Line 15 will run from the northwest to Shunyi District in the northeast. The Yizhuang, Fangshan, Changping and Western Suburban Lines will connect outlying districts to the Beijing Subway.
| Line | Terminals (District) | Route Description | Const. Status |
Sched. opening |
Length (km) |
Stations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line 4 Phase II [14] |
Gongyixiqiao (Fengtai) - Tiangongyuan (Daxing) | since 2007 |
Oct. 28 2010 |
21.7 | 11 | |
| Line 6 Phase I |
Wulu (Haidian) - Cangfang (Tongzhou) | east-west line north of Line 1 | since Apr. 2008 |
2012 | 30.1 | 22 |
| Line 7 | Beijing West Railway Station (Xuanwu) - Jiaohuachang (Tongzhou) | east-west line south of Line 1 | since Jan. 2010 |
2013 | 23.9 | 23 |
| Line 8 Phase II |
Huoying North (Changping) – Museum of Art (Dongcheng) | Extends Olympic Branch Line north to Line 13 and south to Drum Tower and National Art Museum inside Line 2 | since Dec. 2007 |
2012 | 17.3 | 12 |
| Line 9 | National Library (Haidian) - Guogongzhuang (Fengtai) |
north-south line west of Line 4 through Beijing West Railway Station | since Apr. 2007 |
2012 | 16.5 | 13 |
| Line 10 Phase II |
Jinsong Station (Chaoyang) - Bagou Station (Haidian) |
"L"-shaped route completing the Line 10 loop to the south and west. | since Apr. 2007 |
2012 | 32.5 | 23 |
| Line 14 Phase I |
Dongheyan Lu (Fengtai) - Guangqu Lu (Chaoyang) | J-shaped line, from the southwest corner of the city to the southeast corner, through Beijing South Station and then turning north to Guangqu Lu. | since Apr. 2010 |
2013 | 30 | 22 |
| Line 15 Phase I Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 |
Wangjing West - Houshayu Houshayu - Fengbo Beishatan - Wangjing West |
middle section of Line 15(I) Shunyi section of Line 15(I) Chaoyang section of Line 15(I) |
since Apr. 2009 |
Dec. 28 2010 2011 2013 |
38.3 | 18 |
| Changping Line Phase I |
Xi'erqi - Chengnan (Changping) | light rail from Line 13 to near Nanshao Township north of 6th Ring Road, just before urban Changping. | since Jan. 5, 2009 |
end of 2010 |
21.24 | 7 |
| Fangshan Line |
Suzhuang Dajie (Fangshan) - Guogongzhuang (Fengtai) |
light rail from Fangshan District to southern terminus of Line 9 | since Apr. 1, 2009 |
Dec. 31 2010 |
24.7 | 11 |
| Yizhuang Line | Songjiazhuang (Fengtai) - Yizhuang Railway Station (Tongzhou) | light rail from southern terminus of Line 5 to Yizhuang Industrial Park. | since Dec. 2007 |
end of 2010 |
23.3 | 14 |
Lines awaiting construction
The following lines have been identified in expansion plans for the Beijing Subway and are awaiting commencement of construction. All are scheduled to be completed by 2015, except Line 16.
| Line | Terminals (District) | Route Description | Planning Status |
Length (km) |
Stations |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Line 6 Phase II |
Cangfang - Dongxiaoying (Tongzhou) |
extends Line 6 further east into Tongzhou District. | to be built by 2015 |
11.64 | 7 |
| Line 14 Phase II |
Guangqu Lu - Laiguangying (Chaoyang) |
extends eastern leg of Line 14 from Guangqu Lu north, through Chaoyang Park and Wangjing to Laiguangying, just beyond the NE corner of the 5th Ring Road. | to be built by 2014 |
17.7 | 14 |
| Line 15 Phase II |
Summer Palace (Haidian) - Beishatan (Chaoyang) |
east-west line between the 4th and 5th Ring Roads north of the city from Old Summer Palace through Tsinghua University, Zhongguancun, and the Olympic Green. | to be built by 2015 |
9.3 | 6 |
| Line 16 | Beianhe (Haidian) - Xiaoyueyuan (Fengtai) |
north-south line west of Line 4. | - | 48 | - |
| Changping Line Phase II |
Chengnan - Ming Tombs Scenic Area (Changping) | extends Changping Line to Ming Tombs. | to be built by 2015 |
10 | 4 |
| Western Suburban Line |
Bagou - Fragrant Hills (Haidian) |
light rail or tram from present-day northwest terminus of Line 10 to the Fragrant Hills. | Const. to begin in 2010; completion by 2011 | 9.3 | 5 |
Lines under planning
There are plans to extend Line 8, in Phase III, from the National Art Museum to the southern suburbs in Fengtai District, but the exact line route has not been finalized. In January 2010, the government of Shijingshan District disclosed plans for a Line 11 in western Beijing that would traverse the Beijing Capital Steel complex and intersect with Lines 1 and 4.[15] Construction is set to begin in 2020.
An earlier draft of the subway plan showed Line 3 running from Xiaomeichang to Cuigezhuang, Line 11 from Songjiazhuang to the Yizhuang Railway Station, and Line 12 from Beijing South Station to Huangcun.[16] Half of that Line 3 route has been folded into Line 6, and that Line 11 route is now being built as the Yizhuang Line. The newly built Beijing South Station has only subway platforms for Lines 4 and 14.
Subway planning authorities have since indicated that Lines 3, 11, 12 and 16 are still being planned for the more distant future, but their routes have not been finalised.[17][18] In addition, a Line 17 has been mentioned in a few Internet BBS and websites with user provided content, though there has not been any official mention of such a line.
Beijing Suburban Railway
The Beijing Suburban Railway is a mass transit rail system that complements the subway and provides commuter train service to outlying suburban districts and counties. Six "S"-numbered lines have been planned.[19] The Beijing Suburban Railway is managed separately from the subway and has a different fare structure. Line S2, opened August 6, 2008, runs from the Beijing North Railway Station to Yanqing County, and provides direct urban rail access to the Great Wall at Badaling.[20] The Beijing North Station is located near the subway stop at Xizhimen (Subway Lines 2, 4, 13). Line S1 will channel riders from Mentougou District west of the city to Pingguoyuan and Wulu, the western terminus of Line 1 and Line 6.[21]
History
1953-1965: origins
The Beijing Subway was proposed in September 1953 by the city's planning committee and experts from the Soviet Union.[22] After the end of the Korean War, Chinese leaders turned their attention to domestic reconstruction. They were keen to expand Beijing's mass transit capacity but also valued the subway as an asset for civil defense. They studied the use of the Moscow Metro to protect civilians, move troops and headquarter military command posts during the Battle of Moscow, and planned the Beijing Subway for both civilian and military use.[22]
The Chinese lacked expertise in building subways and drew heavily on Soviet and East German technical assistance. In 1954, a delegation of Soviet engineers including some who had built the Moscow Metro, were invited to plan the subway in Beijing.[22] From 1953 to 1960, several thousand Chinese students were sent to the Soviet Union to study subway construction.[22] An early plan unveiled in 1957 called for one ring route and six other lines with a total of 114 stations and 172 km of tracks.[22] Two routes vied for the first to be built. One ran east-west from Wukesong to Hongmiao, underneath Changan Avenue. The other ran north-south from the Summer Palace to Zhongshan Park, via Xizhimen and Xisi. The former was chosen due to more favorable geological foundation and greater number of government bureaus served. The second route would not be built until construction on Line 4 began forty years later.
The deterioration of relations between China and Soviet Union disrupted subway planning. Soviet experts began to leave in 1960, and were completely withdrawn by 1963.[23] In 1961, the entire project was halted temporarily due to severe hardships caused by the Great Leap Forward. Eventually, planning work resumed. The route of the initial line was shifted westward to create an underground conduit to move personnel from the heart of the capital to the Western Hills. On February 4, 1965, Chairman Mao Zedong personally approved the project.[24]
1965-1981: the slow beginning
Construction began on July 1, 1965 at a ceremony attended by national leaders including Zhu De, Deng Xiaoping, and mayor Peng Zhen.[25] The most controversial legacy of the initial subway line is the demolition of the Beijing's historic inner city wall to make way for the subway. Construction plans for the subway from Fuxingmen to the Beijing Railway Station called for the removal of the wall, as well as the gates and archery towers at Hepingmen, Qianmen, and Chongwenmen. Leading architect Liang Sicheng argued for protecting the wall as a landmark of the ancient capital. Chairman Mao favored demolishing the wall over demolishing homes. In the end, Premier Zhou Enlai managed to preserve several walls and gates, such as the Qianmen gate and its arrow tower by slightly altering the course of the subway.[26]
The initial line was completed in time to mark the 20th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic on October 1, 1969.[27] It ran 21 km from the army barracks at Fushouling to the Beijing Railway Station and had 16 stations. This line forms parts of present-day Lines 1 and 2. It was the first subway to be built in China, and predates the metros of Hong Kong, Seoul, Singapore, San Francisco and Washington D.C., but technical problems would plague the project for the next decade.
On November 11, 1969, an electrical fire killed 3 people, injured over 100 and destroyed two cars.[28] Premier Zhou Enlai placed the subway under the control of the People’s Liberation Army in 1970, but reliability problems persisted.[29] On January 15, 1971, the initial line began operation on a trial basis between the Beijing Railway Station and Gongzhufen.[30] Single ride fare was set at ¥0.10 and only members of the public with credential letters from their work units were permitted entry into the subway. The line delivered 8.28 million rides in 1971 but remained under trial operation throughout the Cultural Revolution. From 1971 to 1975, the subway was shut down for 398 days for political reasons.[31] Despite its return to civilian control in 1976, the subway remained prone to closures due to fires, flooding, and accidents.
1981-2000: two lines for two decades
On September 15, 1981, after a decade of trial operation, the initial line was finally opened to full public use.[32] It had 19 stations and ran 27.6 km from Fushouling in the Western Hills to the Beijing Railway Station. Investment in the project totaled ¥706 million. The subway was placed under the management of the Beijing Subway Company, then a subsidiary of the Beijing Public Transportation Company. Annual ridership reached 72.5 million in 1982.
On September 20, 1984, a second line was opened to the public. This horseshoe-shaped line was created from the eastern half of the initial line and corresponds to the southern half of the present-day Line 2. It ran 16.1 km from Fuxingmen to Jianguomen with 16 stations. Ridership reached 105 million in 1985. On December 28, 1987, the two existing lines were reconfigured into Lines 1, which ran from Pingguoyuan to Fuxingmen and Line 2, in its current loop, tracing the Ming city wall. Fares doubled to ¥0.20 for single-line rides and ¥0.30 for rides with transfers. Ridership reached 307 million in 1988. The subway was closed from June 3–4, 1989 during the suppression of the Tiananmen Square demonstrations. In 1990, the subway carried more than one million riders per day for the first time, as total ridership reached 381 million. After a fare hike to ¥0.50 in 1991, annual ridership declined slightly to 371 million.
On January 26, 1991, planning began on the eastward extension of Line 1 under Chang’an Avenue from Fuxingmen.[33] The project was funded by a 19.2 billion yen low-interest development assistance loan from Japan.[33] Construction began on the eastern extension on June 24, 1992, and the Xidan station opened on December 12, 1992.[33] The remaining extension to Sihui East was completed on September 28, 1999.[34] National leaders Wen Jiabao, Jia Qinglin, Yu Zhengsheng and mayor Liu Qi were on hand to mark the occasion.[34] The full-length of Line 1 became operational on June 26, 2000.[35]
Despite little track expansion in the early 1990s, ridership grew rapidly to reach an all-time high of 558 million in 1995, but fell to 444 million the next year when fares rose from ¥0.50 to ¥2.00. After fares rose again to ¥3.00 in 2000, annual ridership fell to 434 million from 481 million in 1999.[35]
2001-present: rapid expansion
In the summer of 2001, the city won the bid to host the 2008 Summer Olympics and accelerated plans to expand the subway. From 2002 and 2008, the city planned to invest ¥63.8 billion (US$7.69 billion) in subway projects. Work on Line 5 had already begun on September 25, 2000.[36] Land clearing for Lines 4 and 10 began in November 2003 and construction commenced by the end of the year.[37] Most new subway construction projects were funded by loans from the Big Four state banks. Line 4 was funded by the Beijing MTR Corporation, a joint-venture with the Hong Kong MTR.[38] To achieve plans for 19 lines and 561 km by 2015, the city planned to invest a total of ¥200 billion ($29.2 billion).[39]
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The next additions to the subway were surface commuter lines that linked to the north and east of the city. Line 13, a half loop that links the northern suburbs, first opened on the western half from Huilongguan to Xizhimen on September 28, 2002 and the entire line became operational on January 28, 2003.[40] Batong Line, built as an extension to Line 1 to Tongzhou district, was opened as a separate line on December 27, 2003.[41] Work on these two lines had begun respectively in December 1999 and 2000.[42] Ridership hit 607 million in 2004.
Line 5 came into operation on October 7, 2007. It was the city's first north-south line, extending from the Songjiazhuang in the south to Tiantongyuan in the north. On the same day, subway fares were reduced from between ¥3 and ¥7 per trip, depending on the line and number of transfers, to a single flat fare of ¥2 with unlimited transfers. The lower fare policy caused the Beijing Subway to run a deficit of ¥600 million in 2007, which was expected to widen to ¥1 billion in 2008.[39] The Beijing municipal government covered these deficits to encourage mass transit use, and reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. On a total of 655 million rides delivered in 2007, the government's subsidy averaged ¥0.92 per ride.[43]
In the summer of 2008, in anticipation of the Summer Olympic Games, three new lines—Line 10, the Olympic Branch Line and the Airport Express were opened on July 19 for trial operation.[44] The use of paper tickets, hand checked by clerks for 38 years, was discontinued and replaced by electronic tickets that are scanned by automatic fare collection machines upon entry and exit of the subway. Stations are outfitted with touch screen vending machines that sell single-ride tickets and multiple-ride Yikatong fare cards. The subway set a daily ridership record of 4.92 million on August 22, 2008, the day of the Games' closing ceremony[45] In 2008, total ridership rose by 75% to 1.2 billion.[46]
After the Chinese government announced a major economic stimulus package in November 2008, Beijing urban planning commission further expedited subway building plans, especially for surface light rails to suburban districts that are cheaper to build. In December 2008, the commission moved up completion dates of the Yizhuang and Daxing Lines to 2010 from 2012, finalized the route of the Fangshan Line, and unveiled the Changping and Western Suburban Lines.[47]
Line 4 entered into operation on September 28, 2009, bringing subway service to much of western Beijing.[48] It is managed by the Hong Kong MTR through a joint venture with the city. In 2009, the subway delivered 1.457 billion rides,[49] which accounted for 19.24% of mass transit trips in Beijing.[50]
Rolling stock
All Beijing subway trains run on 1,435mm standard gauge rail and draw power from the 750V DC third rail. All lines operate 6-car train sets with a maximum speed of 80 km/h, except the Airport Express, which has 4-car train sets that can reach 110 km/h.[51]
From the subway's inception to 2003, nearly all Beijing Subway trains were manufactured by the Changchun Railway Vehicles Company Ltd., now a subsidiary of the China CNR Corporation.[52] Currently, all trains on Lines 2, 5, 8, 10, 13, Airport Express and older models on Line 1 are made by Changchun RVC, which is under contract to supply trains for Lines Yizhuang, 9 and 10 (Phase II).[51][53] The newest Line 1 trains as well as those on Lines 4 and Batong are made by Qingdao Sifang Locomotive & Rolling Stock Co., a subsidiary of China South Locomotive and Rolling Stock Industry Corp. Qingdao Sifang will also provide train sets for Lines 8, Daxing and Changping.[54][55]
The Beijing Subway Rolling Stock Equipment Co. Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of the Beijing Mass Transit Railway Operation Corp. Ltd., provides local assemblage, maintenance and repair services.
System Upgrades
Increasing Capacity. With new lines drawing more riders to the network and the fare reduction making rides more affordable, the subway has experienced severe overcrowding, especially during the rush hour.[56] In response, the subway upgraded signal equipment to increase the frequency of trains and added to the capacity of subway trains. The minimum wait-time has been reduced to 2 min. on Line 2; 2 min. 15 sec. on Line 1; 3 min. on Lines 4, 5, 13 & Batong; 3.5 min. on Line 10; and 15 min. on the Airport Express.[57] Lines 13 and Batong have converted 4-car to 6-car trains.[58][59] Despite these efforts, during the morning rush hour, conductors at line terminals and other busy stations must routinely restrict the number of passengers who can board each train to prevent the train from becoming too crowded for passengers waiting at other stations down the line.[60] Lines 6, 7 and 14 now under construction will reportedly have longer platforms that can accommodate 8-car trains.[61]
Cellular Network Coverage. Mobile phones can currently be used throughout the system, except for in the tunnels between stations on Lines 1 and 2. There are plans for all lines and stations to have cellular coverage.[62]
Access for the Physically Disabled. Each of the subway's 147 stations is equipped with ramps, lifts, or elevators to facilitate wheelchair access.[63][64] Newer model train cars now provide space to accommodate wheelchairs.[65] Automated audio announcements for incoming trains are available in all lines except for Line 1. On all lines, station names are announced in Mandarin Chinese and English.
Automatic Fare Collection System. Each station has two to fifteen ticket vending machines.[66] Ticket vending machines in Line 4, 5, 8, 10 stations and several of the Line 1 and 2 stations can also add credit to Yikatong cards.[67]
Safety
Passenger Searches
To ensure public safety during the 2008 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games, the subway initiated a three-month heightened security program from June 29 to September 20, 2008. Riders were subject to searches of their persons and belongings at all stations by security inspectors using metal detectors, X-Ray machines and sniffer dogs. Items banned from public transportation such as "guns, ammunition, knives, explosives, flammable and radioactive materials, and toxic chemicals" were subject to confiscation.[68] The security program was reinstituted during the 2009 New Year Holiday[69] and has since been made permanent through regulations enacted in February 2009.[70]
Emergency Planning
After witnessing several serious subway accidents in South Korea (e.g. Daegu subway fire in February 2003), the Beijing Subway removed all shops and vendors from the inside of subway stations and installed self-illuminating exit signs to facilitate emergency evacuations. The popular underground mall at the Xidan station was also closed.
Accidents
The Beijing Subway was plagued by numerous accidents in its early years, but its operations have improved dramatically and there have been few reported accidents in recent years. Most of the reported fatalities on the subway are the result of suicides.[71] Authorities have responded by installing doors on platforms of newer lines.
There have been several reported fatal incidents at subway construction sites in recent years. On October 8, 2003, the collapse of steel beams at the construction site of Line 5's Chongwenmen Station killed three workers and injured one.[72] On March 29, 2007, the construction site at the Suzhoujie Station on Line 10 collapsed, burying six workers.[73] On June 6, 2008, prior to the opening of Line 10, a worker was crushed to death inside an escalator in Zhichunlu Station when an intern turned on the moving staircase.[74] On July 14, 2010, two workers were killed and eight were injured at the construction site of Line 15's Shunyi Station when the steel support structure collapsed on them.[75]
See also
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References
- ↑ The station count is 147 if stations linked with transfers are counted separately, but 126 if stations linked by transfers are counted as a single station
- ↑ 北京地铁4月30日客流超过640万人次居全国之首" May 1, 2010
- ↑ "Beijing to build world's longest metro" People's Daily Nov. 10, 2006
- ↑ (Chinese) Sun, Xiaosheng "北京市已规划地铁和高速路2009年将全部开工" Xinhua Jan. 5, 2009
- ↑ "Beijing airport express rail on trial run," China Daily July 15, 2008
- ↑ "New AFC system to manage subway tickets in Beijing starting June 9," Official Website of the Beijing Olympics June 6, 2008
- ↑ Beijing MTR website
- ↑ "Paper tickets fade out of Beijing subway" Xinhua June 9, 2008
- ↑ The subway operated throughout the night from Aug. 8-9, 2008 to accommodate the Opening Ceremonies of the Olympic Games, and is extending evening operations of all lines by one to three hours (to 1-2 a.m.) through the duration of the Games. [1]
- ↑ There is no subway stop at the 12th gate, Deshengmen, between Jishuitan and Gulou Dajie.
- ↑ See "History" section of this article.
- ↑ (Chinese) 北京公共交通进一步扩容 地铁15号线正加速规划 千龙网 Sept. 30, 2008
- ↑ 北京地铁4号线今年年底将与大兴线贯通运营 news.china.com.cn. Retrieved 4 July 2010.
- ↑ The official authorities have merged the Daxing Line into Line 4, thus the new line will be part of Line 4. See [2] and [3] for more information.
- ↑ (Chinese) "北京地铁M11线2020年启动建设 将纵贯首钢整个厂区" Jan. 13, 2010
- ↑ (Chinese) 新闻行业资讯正文精彩关注北京地铁规划一览 Feb. 2, 2004
- ↑ On October 9, 2008, Zhou Nansen, the deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Planning Committee, indicated that planning work had begun for Lines 3, 11, 12, and 16. (Chinese) "北京地铁15号线有望年内开工" 北京商报 Oct. 9, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) "北京地铁西郊线确定设五站" 新京报 Jan. 15, 2009
- ↑ (Chinese) 本市规划建设6条市郊铁路 满足郊区市民出行 千龙网 July 22, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) 本市首条市郊铁路8月初通车 记者体验“动车”S2线 千龙网 July 22, 2008
- ↑ 北京北站至延庆S2线时刻初步确定 首车6:08发出
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 [4] "北京地铁诞生记:周总理称筹建地铁是为备战" Part 1,北京日报] Sept. 28, 2007
- ↑ [5] Id. Part 2
- ↑ (Chinese)"地铁公司1965 -- 1970年" 地铁大事记 1
- ↑ The ceremony was not publicized at the time because the project was classified for its national security implications.
- ↑ 北京地铁诞生记:周总理称筹建地铁是为备战 北京日报 (Part 3) Sept. 28, 2008
- ↑ The initial line, originally slated for completion by 1968, was delayed by the onset of the Cultural Revolution. The original director of the project, General Yang Yong and much of the city government were purged in 1967. "杨勇小传(5)" in 毛泽东瞩目的著名将帅（二） (2003)
- ↑ Id. 4
- ↑ Id. 6-8
- ↑ (Chinese)"地铁公司1971 -- 1980年" 地铁大事记 1
- ↑ From August 12, 1973 to June 30, 1974 and in January of 1975, the subway was closed due to defense mobilization. Id. 17, 23-24. It was closed from September 13 to November 6, 1971 in the aftermath of the Lin Biao Incident and on September 18, 1976 after the death of Chairman Mao.
- ↑ (Chinese)"地铁公司1981 -- 1990年" 地铁大事记 2
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 (Chinese) "地铁公司1991 -- 2000年" P1:1991-1993 2009-04-24
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 (Chinese) "地铁公司1991 -- 2000年" 北京市地铁公司 P2: 1994-1997 2009-04-24
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 (Chinese) "地铁公司1991 -- 2000年" 北京市地铁公司 P3:1998-2000 2009-04-24
- ↑ (Chinese) "地铁公司1991 -- 2000年" 地铁大事记 118
- ↑ (Chinese) "北京地铁四号、十号线年底开工 征地拆迁已启动" Nov. 14, 2003
- ↑ H.K. subway operator seeks Beijing projects - International Herald Tribune
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 到2015年北京地铁建设静态投资将达2000亿元 第一财经日报 Oct. 29, 2008
- ↑ "地铁公司2001 -- 2004年" 地铁大事记
- ↑ Id.
- ↑ (Chinese) "地铁公司1991 -- 2000年" 地铁大事记 103 & 122
- ↑ 2007年北京地铁运送乘客6.55亿人次 中广网 Jan. 2, 2008
- ↑ "Beijing opens three new subways ahead of Olympics" China Daily July 19, 2008
- ↑ Beijing subway system busy during Olympics Xinhua Aug. 27, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) "北京地铁2008年运送乘客突破12亿人次" Beijing Subway Official Website (Accessed January 3, 2009)
- ↑ (Chinese) Zhang, Nan and Meng Huan, "西郊线通往香山两年内有望开通" 北京晚报 Dec. 11, 2008
- ↑ Line 4 was originally scheduled to be completed by the end of 2007 see (Chinese) "北京地铁4号和10号线获审批2007年底投入运营" Sept. 4, 2004; & [6]; "北京地铁4号线今日开通 站内设施服务全接触"
- ↑ Including 1.372 billion passengers of 8 lines operated by Beijing Subway Operating Company, and 52.60 million passengers of Line 4 operated by Beijing MTR Corporation (Chinese)[cite web|url=http://www.bjsubway.com/dtxw/yyzd/2010-01-01/4917.shtml "北京地铁公司为轨道交通大发展做好充分准备"] Jan. 1, 2010; "北京地铁4号线元旦期间运送乘客超过180万人次" Jan. 1, 2010
- ↑ (Chinese) "谁的地铁，谁做主？" 财经文摘 Mar. 23, 2010
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 "Linear Motor Commuter for Beijing" CNR website Accessed Mar. 27, 2010
- ↑ The M-series train that appeared on Lines 2 and 13 were made by Japan's Tokyu Car Corporation "东急" Accessed Mar. 28, 2010
- ↑ (Chinese) 吉林日报 July 31, 2009
- ↑ (Chinese) [7] July 30, 2009
- ↑ (Chinese)"青岛造" 最高运营时速100公里 Dec. 31, 2009
- ↑ (Chinese) 申通地铁集团董事长学习北京地铁应对客流之法 新民晚报 Mar. 9, 2010
- ↑ (Chinese) 三条新线将开 北京地铁奥运最高日客流将达587万 Xinhuanet July 17, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) 13号线加挂两节车厢 Beijing Youth Daily July 21, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) 北京地铁2号线全部更换空调车 新京报 Aug. 8, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) 北京地铁重点车站为应对大客流早晚高峰将限流" 新京报 Nov. 11, 2007
- ↑ (Chinese) "4条地铁线将装屏蔽门" 法制晚报 Jan. 20, 2010
- ↑ Mobile network to be accessible in Beijing subway
- ↑ Beijing promises integrated subway service for disabled xinhua Aug. 27, 2008
- ↑ All stations on Line 5 have elevators. Some of the older stations on Lines 1 and 2 have escalators that descend from the station entrances to the ticket counters one level below ground level but do not extend to the platform two levels below. In the summer of 2008, mechanical wheelchair lifts were installed next to staircases in these stations. "北京地铁安装轮椅升降平台(组图)",Xinhua June 20, 2008.
- ↑ "New Beijing Subway Line 5 is passenger-friendly", Beijing2008 Sept. 30, 2007
- ↑ CityWeekend: The Official Beijingology Subway AFC Cheat Sheet (Part 3)/
- ↑ The AFC machines are supplied by the following companies: Thales (Lines 1 & 2), Samsung SDS (Lines 4, 8 and 10, Founder, OMRON (Line 5), Nippon Signal (Lines 13 & Airport Express)
- ↑ "Beijing starts passenger security checks in all subway stations",Chinaview.com.cn June 29, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) "元旦期间地铁客流将达840万 恢复“逢包必检" 千龙网 Dec. 31, 2008
- ↑ (Chinese) "北京：拒不接受地铁安全检查将被处理" 《京华时报》 Mar. 18, 2009
- ↑ See e.g. "北京地铁一号线一男子跳轨事故最新情况" 2009-07-17'
- ↑ (Chinese)"北京地铁五号线“10•8”事故"
- ↑ [8]
- ↑ (Chinese) "北京地铁实习生误操作 一维修工电梯内被挤死" 法制晚报 2009-06-21
- ↑ "Two killed in Beijing subway construction site accident" Xinhua 2010-07-14
External links
- Official Beijing Subway Website
- Official Beijing MTR Website
- Beijing Subway Information on UrbanRail.net
- The Beijing Guide
- Beijing Subway by Tom Carter Newspaper photo essay about the Beijing subway
- Beijing Subway at world.nycsubway.org
- Beijing Subway Fan Site (in Japanese only)
- Beijing subway map (to scale)
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